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bet365app free downloadWhat is it like to be on the surface of Mars or Venus? Or even further afield, such as on Pluto, or Saturn’s moon Titan?

quadruple double basketballThis curiosity has driven advances in space exploration since Sputnik 1 was launched 65 years ago. But we’re only beginning to scratch the surface of what is knowable about other planetary bodies in the Solar System.

tennis court to rent near meOur new study, published today in Nature Astronomy, shows how some unlikely candidates – namely sand dunes – can provide insight into what weather and conditions you might experience if you were standing on a far-off planetary body.

usa junior tennis rankingsWhat’s in a grain of sand?

cricket bats online english willowEnglish poet William Blake famously wondered what it means “to see a world in a grain of sand”.

epl standingdIn our research, we took this quite literally. The idea was to use the mere presence of sand dunes to understand what conditions exist on a world’s surface.

wta adelaide 2021 scoresFor dunes to even exist, there are a pair of “Goldilocks” criteria that must be satisfied. First is a supply of erodible but durable grains. There must also be winds fast enough to make those grains hop across the ground – but not fast enough to carry them high into the atmosphere.

championship league salariesSo far, the direct measurement of winds and sediment has only been possible on Earth and Mars. However, we have observed wind-blown sediment features on multiple other bodies (and even comets) by satellite. The very presence of such dunes on these bodies implies the Goldilocks conditions are met.

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list of football leagues in the worldWindblown features on (from top left, clockwise) Earth, Mars, Titan, Venus, Pluto and Triton have been imaged by satellites. Nature Astronomy/Image adapted from Gunn and Jerolmack (2022)

cricket bat wax or oilOur work focused on Venus, Earth, Mars, Titan, Triton (Neptune’s largest moon) and Pluto. Unresolved debates about these bodies have gone on for decades.

go mobile wagerHow do we square the apparent wind-blown features on Triton’s and Pluto’s surfaces with their thin, tenuous atmospheres? Why do we see such prolific sand and dust activity on Mars, despite measuring winds that seem too weak to sustain it?

bet on poker playersAnd does Venus’s thick and stiflingly hot atmosphere move sand in a similar way to how air or water move on Earth?

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american roulette online gameWindblown ripples on the Bagnold Dunes on Mars were photographed by the rover Curiosity. NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

no of player in footballFurthering the debate

brazil nbb basketballOur study offers predictions for the winds required to move sediment on these bodies, and how easily that sediment would break apart in those winds.

online meridian bettingWe constructed these predictions by piecing together results from a host of other research papers, and testing them against all the experimental data we could get our hands on.

basketball backpack under armourWe then applied the theories to each of the six bodies, drawing on telescope and satellite measurements of variables including gravity, atmospheric composition, surface temperature, and the strength of sediments.

wang tennis scoreStudies before ours have looked at either the wind speed threshold required to move sand, or the strength of various sediment particles. Our work combined these together – looking at how easily particles could break apart in sand-transporting weather on these bodies.

cricket bat rateFor example, we know Titan’s equator has sand dunes – but we aren’t sure of what sediment encircles the equator. Is it pure organic haze raining down from the atmosphere, or is it mixed with denser ice?

uruguay vs paraguay 2011As it turns out, we discovered loose aggregates of organic haze would disintegrate upon collision if they were blown by the winds at Titan’s equator.

odds to win french open 2020This implies Titan’s dunes probably aren’t made of purely organic haze. To build a dune, sediment must be blown around in the wind for a long time (some of Earth’s dune sands are a million years old).

opera soccer playerWe also found wind speeds would have to be excessively fast on Pluto to transport either methane or nitrogen ice (which is what Pluto’s dune sediments were hypothesised to be). This calls into question whether “dunes” on Pluto’s plain, Sputnik Planitia, are dunes at all.

ice hockey goalie glovesThey may instead be sublimation waves. These are dune-like landforms made from the sublimation of material, instead of sediment erosion (such as those seen on Mars’s north polar cap).

tennis pro picturesOur results for Mars suggest more dust is generated from wind-blown sand transport on Mars than on Earth. This suggests our models of the Martian atmosphere may not be effectively capturing Mars’s strong “katabatic” winds, which are cold gusts that blow downhill at night.

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tennis training drills footwork & exerciseThis study comes at an interesting stage of space exploration.

notre dame summer soccer campFor Mars, we have a relative abundance of observations; five space agencies are conducting active missions in orbit, or in situ. Studies such as ours help inform the objectives of these missions, and the paths taken by rovers such as Perseverance and Zhurong.

yps soccerIn the outer reaches of the Solar System, Triton has not been observed in detail since the NASA Voyager 2 flyby in 1989. There is currently a mission proposal which, if selected, would have a probe launched in 2031 to study Triton, before annihilating itself by flying into Neptune’s atmosphere.

sportingbet loginMissions planned to Venus and Titan in the coming decade will revolutionise our understanding of these two. NASA’s Dragonfly mission, slated to leave Earth in 2027 and arrive on Titan in 2034, will land an uncrewed helicopter on the moon’s dunes.

online betting companies off super adPluto was observed during a 2015 flyby by NASA’s ongoing New Horizons mission, but there are no plans to return.